By default when you create a user in Linux, users default home directory is created under /home. If you noticed on Ubuntu and Debian derivated distributions, the useradd command won't create a home directory by default.
Let's think of a situation where you have already created a user but the home directory is missing. In this tutorial, I will show you how to create a default home directory for an existing user in Linux.
Create default home directory for existing user
Here I am using Ubuntu 22.04 and going to create a user named ' bob' using useradd command:
$ sudo useradd bob
Useradd command has added an entry home directory in /etc/passwd file
$ grep bob /etc/passwd
bob:x:1003:1003::/home/bob:/bin/sh
If I try to login as the user using su -
, it shows that it's logging in with Home=/
. This means the user home directory is not created.
$ su - bob
Password:
No directory, logging in with HOME=/
In Linux, a user's default home directory is /home. To create a default home directory use mkhomedir_helper command. The mkhomedir_helper command can create the home directory with the correct permissions and even populate the home directory with default files (like .bashrc, .bash_profile, etc.) which are often sourced from /etc/skel.
Make sure to run mkhomedir_helper
command as root or user with sudo access.
$ sudo mkhomedir_helper bob
The command creates a home directory named "/home/bob" and copies default files.
$ ls -al /home/bob
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 2 bob bob 4096 Jun 1 02:26 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Jun 1 02:26 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 bob bob 220 Jun 1 02:26 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 bob bob 3771 Jun 1 02:26 .bashrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 bob bob 807 Jun 1 02:26 .profile
For a graphical environment (such as GNOME or XFCE ), if you are missing subdirectories in the home directory, the user needs to log out and log in back.
When the user login the first time all subdirectories such as Pictures, Documents, Videos, and Downloads folders can be created in the home directory.
Another method is to delete the user and create a new user using -m
or --create-home
option.
The following command creates a home folder (-m) and set the specified home directory (-d) as the value for the new user's login:
$ sudo useradd -m -d /home/bob01 bob01
Manually Perform
Alternatively, you can manually create the home directory and set appropriate permissions and ownership.
Create a home directory:
Note: Before you create a home directory, you should verify that the user indeed exists on the system.
mkdir /home/tom
Set the Appropriate Permissions and Ownership:
chown tom:tom /home/tom
chmod 755 /home/tom
This sets the user tom as the owner of the directory. Also sets the permissions of the /home/tom directory such that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions, while the group and others only have read and execute permissions.
Copy Default Files:
cp -a /etc/skel/. /home/tom/
Systems usually have a /etc/skel directory that contains default configuration files for new user accounts. Here we copy the contents of this directory to the new home directory /home/tom. Finally, you can verify by checking ls -la /home/tom.
Note: If the user's record ( ie /etc/passwd file) is not reflected with the new home directory you can use usermod -d /home/tom tom command.
To conclude, If you are a Ubuntu fan you should be now using adduser command, it's recommended by Debian. If you have an existing user, now you should be able to add default directory.
Thanks for reading and please drop your suggestions on the below comment section.
Related Read: How to Delete a User with Home Directory on Ubuntu
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